{"id":3706,"date":"2025-04-03T20:45:39","date_gmt":"2025-04-03T08:45:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/?p=3706"},"modified":"2025-06-21T20:44:13","modified_gmt":"2025-06-21T08:44:13","slug":"life-is-diverse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/life-is-diverse\/","title":{"rendered":"Life is Diverse"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20240418_093647_scaled.png\" alt=\"Life is Diverse\" class=\"wp-image-3732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20240418_093647_scaled.png 750w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20240418_093647_scaled-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/20240418_093647_scaled-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Life is Diverse<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&#8216;Life is Diverse&#8217; is Part Five <strong>of our \u2018Life\u2019<\/strong> <strong>Series<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this post, Life is Diverse, we continue our series on \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/science-topics\/l-science-topics\/#life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Life<\/a>\u201d and our discussion of the ideas in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gxWa6M0BjQM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Addy Pross<\/a>\u2018s recent book, \u201cWhat is Life?\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While non-living diversity in the Universe is arbitrary, living <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnh.org\/research\/center-for-biodiversity-conservation\/what-is-biodiversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">diversity<\/a> appears to be deliberate and coherent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the macroscopic diversity that we see around us is just the tip of the diversity iceberg.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"345\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cbc-what-is-biodiversity-1600-905_full_610.jpg\" alt=\"biodiversity\" class=\"wp-image-3719\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cbc-what-is-biodiversity-1600-905_full_610.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cbc-what-is-biodiversity-1600-905_full_610-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/cbc-what-is-biodiversity-1600-905_full_610-150x85.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnh.org\/research\/center-for-biodiversity-conservation\/what-is-biodiversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Biodiversity<\/a>: &#8220;<em>Biodiversity includes not only species we consider rare, threatened, or endangered but also every living thing\u2014from humans to organisms we know little about, such as microbes, fungi, and invertebrates&#8221;.<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The largely invisible microbial world is where the concept of diversity takes on new meaning. Microbes are effectively everywhere!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology\/microbial-genome\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Microbial Genomes<\/a><\/h5>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E._coli_Bacteria_7316101966.jpg\" alt=\"Bacteria\" class=\"wp-image-3721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E._coli_Bacteria_7316101966.jpg 220w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/E._coli_Bacteria_7316101966-150x126.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacteria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bacteria<\/a>: scanning electron micrograph of <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escherichia_coli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Escherichia coli<\/a><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacillus_(shape)\">rods<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Addy Pross states on pages 23 and 24 of his book: &#8220;by some estimates the number of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacteria\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">bacterial<\/a> species in a gram of soil could be in the order of a million and a common estimate of the number of all bacterial species on Earth range between 10 million and 10 billion.&#8221; (<em>He emphasizes that he is referring to the number of <strong>species<\/strong>, not the number of individual bacteria<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pross explains that the specialist biologists that study these matters, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/microbial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">microbial<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/genomicist\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">genomicists<\/a>, have begun to think in terms of &#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lists_of_sequenced_genomes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">species genomes<\/a>&#8216; that possess a common core of shared genes. Apparently individual genomes are too diverse to allow meaningful characterization. Pross says: &#8220;What is clear and beyond dispute is that the diversity in the microbial world is one of staggering proportions.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Life is indeed diverse!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Divergence and Selection<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_divergence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Divergence<\/a><\/strong> means that <strong>many<\/strong> are <strong>derived<\/strong> from <strong>few<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"208\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/220px-Darwins_finches.jpeg\" alt=\"Divergence:\" class=\"wp-image-3726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/220px-Darwins_finches.jpeg 220w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/220px-Darwins_finches-150x142.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Divergence: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darwin%27s_finches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Darwin&#8217;s finches<\/a> are a clear and famous example of divergent evolution, in which an ancestral species <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adaptive_radiation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">radiates<\/a> into a number of descendant species with both similar and different traits.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_selection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection<\/a><\/strong>, on the other hand, (of any kind, natural or otherwise) means that <strong>many<\/strong> are <strong>reduced<\/strong> to <strong>few<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"204\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Selection:\" class=\"wp-image-3729\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop.jpg 330w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop-150x93.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_selection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Selection<\/a>: During the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_Revolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Industrial Revolution<\/a>, pollution killed many <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lichen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">lichens<\/a>, leaving tree trunks dark. A <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_melanism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dark (melanic)<\/a> morph of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peppered_moth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">peppered moth<\/a> largely replaced the formerly usual light morph (both shown here). Since the moths are subject to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">predation<\/a> by birds hunting by sight, the colour change offers better <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camouflage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">camouflage<\/a> against the changed background, suggesting natural selection at work.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pross argues that: &#8220;Divergence and selection are inherently contradictory&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, Pross says in his book that the source of life&#8217;s diversity begins with reproductive <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_variation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">variation<\/a>, but the detailed manner in which that variation leads to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speciation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">speciation<\/a> and diversity remains controversial. <em>(See Modes of Speciation<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Speciation_modes.svg_.png\" alt=\"Modes of speciation\" class=\"wp-image-3734\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Speciation_modes.svg_.png 440w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Speciation_modes.svg_-300x275.png 300w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Speciation_modes.svg_-150x137.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speciation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Modes of speciation<\/a>: &#8220;<em>All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">evolution<\/a>; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biodiversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">biodiversity<\/a><\/em>.&#8221;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Terraforming Non-life Planets<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the subject of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terraforming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">terraforming<\/a> an earth-like exoplanet, where would the terraform engineers begin in terms of introducing life into the new environment in order to create a new biosphere on the planet?<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"180\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/MarsTransitionV.jpg\" alt=\"Terraforming Mars: an artists conception...\" class=\"wp-image-3737\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/MarsTransitionV.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/MarsTransitionV-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terraforming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Terraforming<\/a> Mars: an artists conception&#8230;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Wikipedia article reference above states: &#8220;<em>Once conditions become more suitable for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life\">life<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Introduced_species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">introduced species<\/a>, the importation of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microbial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">microbial<\/a> life could begin.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terraforming#cite_note-EPE-13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/sup> As conditions approach that of Earth, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">plant life<\/a> could also be brought in. This would accelerate the production of oxygen, which theoretically would make the planet eventually able to support <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">animal<\/a> life<\/em>.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Life is diverse on Earth, how diverse would life on the new planet need to be for the biosphere to be stable and habitable?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How would they decide which species should be introduced into the planet&#8217;s new biosphere?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Which microbes, out of potentially billions of species, should they include?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These are not idle questions. The survival and success of larger, macro, desired introduced life forms may depend upon the correct choice of the microbes that are introduced. Microbes are needed because all macro lifeforms need certain bacterium in order to live. The macro creatures live in necessary symbiosis with the microbial world. Introduced macro life forms may include: molds, fungi, plants, insects, and animals, including humans, An unfortunate selection of, or failure to select, certain microbes, and indeed macro lifeforms, might lead to disastrous consequences for the chosen macro species. Terraforming, should we ever attempt it, would not be a simple matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Compatibility with Earth&#8217;s Biosphere<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Assuming there would be coming and going of people between Earth and the new terraformed exoplanet, how would the terraform engineers ensure ongoing compatibility of the two biospheres?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Life is diverse. As we know on Earth, the contents of a biosphere is continually evolving, with diversity and natural selection. How would the two biospheres be <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planetary_protection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">protected from each other<\/a> as and when the collective diversity of genomes of the species of each biosphere diverge from each other? This is especially relevant when considering the inevitable divergence through time of the two groups of species of microbes,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(Post created: 03\/04\/2025)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8216;Life is Diverse&#8217; is Part Five of our \u2018Life\u2019 Series In this post, Life is Diverse, we continue our series on \u201cLife\u201d and our discussion of the ideas in Addy Pross\u2018s recent book, \u201cWhat is Life?\u201d. While non-living diversity in the Universe is arbitrary, living diversity appears to be deliberate and coherent. But the macroscopic&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/life-is-diverse\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;Life is Diverse&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,12,19,25,35,9,11,17,22,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3706","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-earth-like-planets","category-engineering","category-exoplanets","category-facebook","category-life","category-non-fiction","category-science-research","category-science-topics","category-seaswell-publishing","category-social-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Life is Diverse - Seaswell Publishing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Seaswell Publishing, Barrie Cameron, author, non-fiction, chemistry, what is life? 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