{"id":4377,"date":"2026-06-25T22:31:25","date_gmt":"2026-06-25T10:31:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/?p=4377"},"modified":"2026-06-25T22:31:27","modified_gmt":"2026-06-25T10:31:27","slug":"biodiversity-ecosystems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/biodiversity-ecosystems\/","title":{"rendered":"Biodiversity &#8211; Ecosystems"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/20240418_093647_scaled_02.png\" alt=\"ecosystems\" class=\"wp-image-3546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/20240418_093647_scaled_02.png 375w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/20240418_093647_scaled_02-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/20240418_093647_scaled_02-113x150.png 113w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">ecosystems<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Blog post <strong>#7<\/strong> is entitled: <strong>Biodiversity \u2013 Ecosystems<\/strong>. It follows our last post #6: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/biodiversity-species\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Biodiversity \u2013 Functions<\/a>\u201d of this Biodiversity series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This present post is inspired by chapter 5, \u201cEcosystems\u201d, of Antonelli\u2019s book, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/H\/bo186013484.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Hidden Universe: Adventures in Biodiversity<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biodiversity &#8211; Ecosystems<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Chapter 5 of his book, <a href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/H\/bo186013484.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Antonelli<\/a> begins by referencing <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_von_Humboldt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Humboldt<\/a>&#8216;s visit to Ecuador during the German naturalist&#8217;s adventures in the jungles of South America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Humboldt documented the changes in species of plants and animals with altitude. He saw how these variations in <a href=\"https:\/\/education.nationalgeographic.org\/resource\/ecosystem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ecosystems<\/a> were affected by changing <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">topography<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">climate<\/a>, Through his other travels around the world and correspondences with other scientists, Humboldt described how similar diversity of ecosystems, each with its own set of species and characteristics, was a world wide phenomena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diversity of Ecosystems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antonelli explains, with examples, that the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecosystem_diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">diversity of ecosystems<\/a> on Earth is key to explaining why there are so many species and why they exhibit such large variations in life form, behaviour and functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He states that focusing on the<a href=\"https:\/\/cpree.princeton.edu\/research\/conservation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> conservation of ecosystems<\/a> is more effective than focusing on single species. This is, he points out, because species can rarely be protected in isolation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scheme of Ecosystems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antonelli informs us that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Wide Fund for Nature<\/a> has adopted a common scheme which is aggregated into eight realms of ecosystems. Most of these realms were identified in the 1800s by various naturalists, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhm.ac.uk\/discover\/who-was-alfred-russel-wallace.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Alfred Russel Wallace<\/a>. The realms contain 14 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biome\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">biomes<\/a> (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibfra.org\/about-boreal-forests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">boreal forests<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mangrove\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mangroves<\/a>, etc.), and these are further subdivided into 867 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecoregion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ecoregions<\/a> (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Temperate broadleaf, mixed forests<\/a>, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/330px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace27s_map_of_biogeographical_regions.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4408\" style=\"width:330px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/330px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace27s_map_of_biogeographical_regions.jpg 330w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/330px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace27s_map_of_biogeographical_regions-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/330px-Alfred_Russel_Wallace27s_map_of_biogeographical_regions-150x82.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Wallace&#8217;s Zoogeographic regions (Ref. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoogeography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Climate and Ecosystems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The connection between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">climate<\/a> and type of ecosystem, Antonelli notes, was observed by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_von_Humboldt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Humboldt<\/a> during his world wide travels and since confirmed by the modern study of climate and ecosystems aided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/products\/land-based-station\/global-historical-climatology-network-daily\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">global network of weather stations<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/250px-Stieler2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/250px-Stieler2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843.jpg 250w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/250px-Stieler2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843-244x300.jpg 244w, https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/250px-Stieler2C_Joseph_Karl_-_Alexander_von_Humboldt_-_1843-122x150.jpg 122w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Humboldt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Annual variation, or seasonality, is a key aspect that predicts the regional development of ecosystems. Antonelli quotes the example of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cerrado\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cerrado<\/a> savannah of South America. Because rain is restricted to only a few months of the year, the Cerrado savannah is prevented from being an evergreen forest despite its high annual rainfall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Human Disturbance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The activities of humans, such as removing large animals and introducing fire and cattle, can disturb the natural balance of the ecosystems. Antonelli discusses the issues of fire, both human induced and from natural causes. Fire can play an important role in the life of forests and ecosystems generally. Balance in the environment is a delicate thing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Transitions between Ecosystems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Natural geographical barriers, such as mountains, can result in abrupt <a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/borderlands-of-wonder-how-ecotones-support-biodiversity-and-resilience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">transitions between ecosystems<\/a>. Antonelli gives examples of this common phenomenon. The geographic feature can cause sudden changes in local climatic that produce these transitions between neighbouring ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecosystems are Transient<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like species, ecosystems are transient. Antonelli discusses diverse examples of transient ecosystems. His examples include recent events and changes that have occurred far in the past and over long periods of time. Climate change is a major driver of these changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipping Points<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He recommends that we do not take today&#8217;s ecosystems for granted. He discusses &#8216;tipping points&#8217; and &#8216;points of no return&#8217;. He tells us that Amazonia, the world&#8217;s largest rainforest, &#8220;could turn irreversibly into a savannah from the point at which 20-25 per cent of its total forest is lost&#8221;. It has already lost 18 percent of its pre-human forest area! Antonelli quotes examples of dramatic historical ecosystem changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary &#8211; the Biodiversity Star, a fine-tuned telescope&#8230;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Antonelli completes his chapter on ecosystems by reminding us of his five pointed star of Biodiversity. He likens the five points of the biodiversity star: species, genes, evolution, functions and ecosystems, with five aligned and complementary lenses of the same fine-tuned telescope. A biodiversity telescope which &#8220;allows us to explore, understand, and really see our living planet&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This summary leads us to consider the next section of his book:  Part Two &#8211; The Values of Biodiversity in our next post in this series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The next Blog post, #8 of this series, will be entitled: \u201cBiodiversity \u2013 Values\u201d and will be inspired by Part Two, \u201cThe Values of Biodiversity\u201d, of Antonelli\u2019s book, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/H\/bo186013484.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Hidden Universe: Adventures in Biodiversit<\/a>y\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(<em>Post Dated: 25\/06\/2026<\/em>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This Blog post #7 is entitled: Biodiversity \u2013 Ecosystems. It follows our last post #6: \u201cBiodiversity \u2013 Functions\u201d of this Biodiversity series. This present post is inspired by chapter 5, \u201cEcosystems\u201d, of Antonelli\u2019s book, \u201cThe Hidden Universe: Adventures in Biodiversity\u201d. Biodiversity &#8211; Ecosystems In Chapter 5 of his book, Antonelli begins by referencing Humboldt&#8216;s visit&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/biodiversity-ecosystems\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &ldquo;Biodiversity &#8211; Ecosystems&rdquo;<\/span> &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,25,35,9,11,17,22,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biodiversity","category-facebook","category-life","category-non-fiction","category-science-research","category-science-topics","category-seaswell-publishing","category-social-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Biodiversity - Ecosystems - Seaswell Publishing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Seaswell Publishing, Blog, Barrie Cameron, Author, non-fiction, Biodiversity - Ecosystems, Earth, biosphere, biodiversity loss, redundancy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/biodiversity-ecosystems\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biodiversity - Ecosystems - Seaswell Publishing\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Seaswell Publishing, Blog, Barrie Cameron, Author, non-fiction, Biodiversity - Ecosystems, Earth, biosphere, biodiversity loss, redundancy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/biodiversity-ecosystems\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Seaswell Publishing\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-25T10:31:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-25T10:31:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.seaswell.net\/publishing\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/20240418_093647_scaled_02.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"375\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ian\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ian\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.seaswell.net\\\/publishing\\\/biodiversity-ecosystems\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.seaswell.net\\\/publishing\\\/biodiversity-ecosystems\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ian\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.seaswell.net\\\/publishing\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/f1dff28127e70a4ae030c509bf584689\"},\"headline\":\"Biodiversity &#8211; 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